Bitwise operators in Python

 

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Bitwise operators in Python are used to perform bit-level operations on integers. These operators treat the operands as sequences of bits (0s and 1s) and perform operations on them at the bit level.

Bitwise Operators:

• AND (&) – Performs a bitwise AND operation. The result is 1 if both bits are 1, otherwise 0.
  
  x = 5  # 0101 in binary

• y = 3  # 0011 in binary

• result = x & y  # 0001 in binary

• print(result)  # Output: 1

1. 
   

• OR (|) – Performs a bitwise OR operation. The result is 1 if at least one bit is 1, otherwise 0.
  
  x = 5  # 0101 in binary

• y = 3  # 0011 in binary

• result = x | y  # 0111 in binary

• print(result)  # Output: 7

2. 
   

• XOR (^) – Performs a bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) operation. The result is 1 if the bits are different, and 0 if they are the same.
  
  x = 5  # 0101 in binary

• y = 3  # 0011 in binary

• result = x ^ y  # 0110 in binary

• print(result)  # Output: 6

3. 
   

• NOT (~) – Performs a bitwise NOT operation (also called bitwise complement). It inverts all the bits of the operand.
  
  x = 5  # 0101 in binary

• result = ~x  # Inverts all bits (two's complement)

• print(result)  # Output: -6 (because of two's complement representation)

4. 
   

• Left Shift (<<) – Shifts the bits of the number to the left by a specified number of positions. This operation essentially multiplies the number by 2 for each position shifted.
  
  x = 5  # 0101 in binary

• result = x << 1  # Shift left by 1 position

• print(result)  # Output: 10 (1010 in binary)

5. 
   

• Right Shift (>>) – Shifts the bits of the number to the right by a specified number of positions. This operation essentially divides the number by 2 for each position shifted.
  
  x = 5  # 0101 in binary

• result = x >> 1  # Shift right by 1 position

• print(result)  # Output: 2 (0010 in binary)

6. 
   

Examples:

Example 1: Using AND, OR, and XOR

• x = 10  # 1010 in binary

• y = 4   # 0100 in binary

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• # AND

• result = x & y

• print(result)  # Output: 0 (0000 in binary)

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• # OR

• result = x | y

• print(result)  # Output: 14 (1110 in binary)

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• # XOR

• result = x ^ y

• print(result)  # Output: 14 (1110 in binary)

Example 2: Using NOT (bitwise complement)

• x = 10  # 1010 in binary

• result = ~x  # Inverts all bits (two's complement)

• print(result)  # Output: -11 (because of two's complement)

Example 3: Using Left and Right Shift

• x = 8  # 1000 in binary

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• # Left shift by 2 positions (multiply by 2^2 = 4)

• result = x << 2

• print(result)  # Output: 32 (100000 in binary)

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• # Right shift by 1 position (divide by 2^1 = 2)

• result = x >> 1

• print(result)  # Output: 4 (0100 in binary)

Truth Tables for Bitwise Operators:

• AND (&)
  
  

Bit 1	Bit 2	Result
0	0	0
0	1	0
1	0	0
1	1	1

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  OR (|)
  
  

Bit 1	Bit 2	Result
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	1

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  XOR (^)
  
  

Bit 1	Bit 2	Result
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	0

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  NOT (~) – Inverts all bits.
  
  

• Shift Left (<<) – Moves all bits to the left, filling the right side with zeros.
  
  

• Shift Right (>>) – Moves all bits to the right, filling the left side with zeros (for positive numbers) or ones (for negative numbers).
  
  

Key Points:

• Bitwise operators only work on integers and manipulate their binary representation.

• Bitwise operations are often used in tasks like data encryption, network programming, and hardware-level programming.

• Left shift increases the value of a number, while right shift decreases it.

Let me know if you need further clarification or examples! 😊

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